WATER consumption has been rising during the last five decades across the globe because of population growth, higher standard of living, and economic development. WATER resources limitation in arid and semi-arid regions, such as the most parts of Iran, has led to the emergence of sustainable WATER resource management. To deal with the complex and interlinked WATER challenges, we need knowledge about the quantity and quality of WATER in the WATERsheds through WATER BALANCE investigation. Evaluating available WATER resources is a prerequisite step in the WATER resources management to avoid adverse environmental impacts. In this regard, WATER BALANCE investigations, as a tool for quantitative evaluation of WATER resources, is a crucial issue in WATER resources management and WATER policy making process. WATER BALANCE can reveal the differences in income an outcome flow of the WATERshed and changes by the source of nature and human activities. However in the current study, we have faced some problems to calculate WATER BALANCE such as: it is costly and time-consuming to provide reliable data for a large area and moreover the estimation methods of WATER BALANCE components rely on the methods that would not be appropriate for Iran's meteorological, hydrological and hydrogeological conditions. For example, in many cases, the empirical methods and mathematical models used in WATER BALANCE studies in WATERsheds of Iran were developed in other countries with different climates. WATER BALANCE models have been developed over multiple timescales (hourly, daily, monthly and yearly) and different spatial resolutions and varying degrees of complexity. WATER BALANCE models were fi rst developed in the 1940s by Thornthwaite. With the increasing use of WATER BALANCE models to address hydrological problems, a considerable amount of efforts has been devoted to the development of such models and techniques. A variety of models have been considered, ranging from relatively complex conceptual models to complex physical based models. Previous studies showed that using conceptual WATER BALANCE models rather than process-based models or data-driven models have some advantages. Process-based models require high resolution, in both space and time, data and data-driven models may not remain valid in changed climatic conditions. Therefore, we focused on distributed and semi-distributed mathematical conceptual models. After evaluation different models, we introduced and classify some models that have relative advantages for being applied in Iran. As the primary criteria to choose, these models have at least one of the following properties: they are conceptual models, developed for WATER BALANCE (not the other purposes such as flood simulation), suitable for different regions; they have been used for arid and semi-arid areas; they use a simple method for WATER BALANCE calculation; and their code, software or graphical interface are available freely. To choose and modify an appropriate WATER BALANCE model for Iran's WATERsheds, we should consider the simpler one. This chose is regarding to the fact that as well as the lack of data, there are usually uncertainties about the model parameters and input data. The uncertainty could be due to sparse data and lack of knowledge about the natural systems. In the current study varied types of models from hydrological simulation and fully distributed physical models to the distributed and semi-distributed conceptual models were investigated. Among them, we considered the models that have a fewer number of parameters for calibration and consider hydrological spatial variability in basins. Due to the advantages and disadvantages of these models, ability of applying in the WATERsheds of Iran was also considered. Regarding to these facts, it seems the model developed by Portoghese et al. (2005) could be a good choice for the most arid and semi-arid regions in Iran, after necessary corrections and modifications. This model, regarding all hydrological processes, avoids unnecessary complexities. The model of Portoghese was successfully modified and coded in MATLAB software and implemented in different WATERsheds of Razavi Khorasan province, by the name of QDWB (Quasi Distributed WATER BALANCE model). The developed model was named Qusi-Distributed according to fact that it does not use cell-to-cell flow routing. The model results, such as runoff, actual evapotranspiration, and deep percolation were in agreement with other studies, and consistent with the basin hydrological process. This modified model has been assessed in six plains of Razavi Khorasan province, during a research project.

About two-thirds of rivers, lakes and groundWATER are applied for agricultural production in the world. Same as other countries, a significant fraction of surface and groundWATER resources are used in agricultural sector in Iran. WATER BALANCE at country scale is the origin of estimation of applied WATER as agricultural consumption. The variability of annual precipitation is as the origin of the components of WATER BALANCE in hydrological cycle, caused changeability in the WATER consumption of agricultural sector which are important reasons for estimating and re-estimating consumptive WATER in agricultural sector. Therefore, in this study, consumptive WATER of agricultural sector was analyzed based on long term (50 years) and short term (current 7 years) measured data for precipitation with the method of WATER BALANCE in hydrological cycle in the country. Results revealed that average annual precipitation were 249±53 and 206±33 mm for two long and short studied periods, and the consumption WATER in agricultural sector were 67 ±18 and 83±6 km3 for long (50 years) and short (7 years) periods for non-modified conditions. The modified consumption WATER for the short period was 75±6 MCM. Results revealed that for the long period, the WATER consumption in agricultural sector was 0.50 of renewable WATER in the country. The outstanding of this study was up to date estimating of the WATER consumption in agricultural sector and its analysis. But applying WATER BALANCE method for this purpose has some substantial limitations and non-reliable simplifications. Therefore suitable experiments are needed to reliably the results.

WATER BALANCE is one of the most important issues that should be paid special attention in the discussion of WATER resources management and as a result of decisions and plans for WATER consumption in different sectors. In this paper, using remote sensing products, the conceptual model of Thomas WATER BALANCE (abcd) in a basin with semi-arid climatic conditions was calculated and evaluated. First, the monthly output of IMERG satellites and the re-analysed temperature of ERA5 were compared with ground-based measurements. Evaluation results of these products using five statistical indicators including Pearson correlation coefficient (R), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NS) and deviation coefficient (BIAS) in the Zarandeh sub-basin located in Neishabour region shows their high accuracy and correlation with observations. Then, using these products and GIS, the conceptual model of Thomas for this sub-basin was developed in MATLAB software and its performance in basin runoff simulation was investigated. Fuzzy numbers and the Monte Carlo method were also used to reduce uncertainties in model parameters. This model was optimized with two different objective functions of Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient and determination coefficient. The results show the high accuracy of the abcd WATER BALANCE model using remote sensing products in the study area and well simulation of the discharge behavior.

Sustainable management of WATER resources in various basins depends on accurate estimation of WATER BALANCE. Reviewing literature of WATER BALANCE models reveals that most published works are focused on hydro-climatologic WATER BALANCE models, which consider aquifers like tanks with one or two soil layers. These models use empirical equations to calculate the effects of groundWATER on hydro-climatological WATER BALANCE. In this study, we have tried to advance previous studies by linking previously developed hydro-climatological and groundWATER BALANCE models. In the developed model, the aquifers were modeled more accurately in WATER BALANCE model by using the tank-model approach. Optimizaing the parameters of the joint WATER BALANCE model is an important step for achieving proper WATER BALANCE model performance. In order to assess the performance of the recommended model, hydro-climatological and groundWATER WATER BALANCE in Neyshabur and Rokh plains were modeled for a nine-year period. The results proved that the proposed approach can be used for modeling WATER BALANCE of other basins in the country. Although distributed modeling is suggested which allows considering interactions between surface WATER and groundWATER resources.

This study compared three different snowmelt scenarios using a monthly WATER BALANCE model in the Taleghan-Alamut Basin in north of Iran. Three scenarios were tested in this study: a temperature-based, a net radiation-based, and an energy BALANCE-based. Remote sensing data were utilized to mitigate the challenges of modeling snowmelt in a basin with limited ground information. The calibration and validation processes were carried out in a two-stage method. First, snow modeling was conducted grid-based throughout the basin, and the model parameters were validated. Using snow cover observed by the MODIS sensor, the model dispcipancy between computed and observed snow accumulation was calculated by comparing the percentage of to the calculated snow storage in each cell of the basin. In the second stage, the other model parameters were calibrated as a lumpt hydrologic model across the basin. Ultimately, the net radiation-based and energy BALANCE-based models showed superior performance compared to the temperature-based model. During the validation period, the Kling-Gupta efficiency metric for the temperature-based snowmelt model was 0.72, while for the net radiation-based and energy BALANCE-based models were 0.78 and 0.86, respectively. Additionally, the correlation coefficient between MODIS snow cover data and snow storage calculated in the three models ranged from 0.62 for the energy BALANCE-based model to 0.72 for the temperature-based model. According to the results, the proposed methodology is suitable for assessing snow budget and the snow hydrology in mountainous areas with limited data availability.

There has been a long-standing dispute between organizations associated with WATER resources (such as the Ministry of Energy and Agricultural Jihad) over the amount of withdrawal WATER for agriculture at the national and provincial levels. The purpose of this study was to estimate the withdrawal WATER for irrigated agriculture in Fars Province based on WATER BALANCE modelling under the condition of “farmers". For this purpose, the SAWA system was used. The system estimates were obtained based on 10-year meteorological data (2011–2021) and 5-year crop area statistics (2017–2021). The largest crop area belonged to wheat (32%), fruits (24%), and barley (7%). Regarding net applied irrigation WATER volume, fruits (39%), wheat (14%), and rice (7%) had the greatest shares. The highest net applied irrigation WATER belonged to date, rice and pomegranate, respectively, with 23651, 14489, and 10160 m3.ha-1. WATER BALANCE analysis showed that the highest irrigation occurs in June (1024 million m3) and the lowest in December (70.8 million m3). The average volume of withdrawal WATER for agriculture was estimated at 6565 million m3 per year with a range of 6228–7076 million m3 per year, which was less than the estimate of the Ministry of Energy (i.e., 7991 million m3 per year). Part of this difference is due to the use of different statistical years.

Backgrond: Parkinson is a chronic, degenerative and destructive disease of the nervous system caused by the destruction of dopaminergic neurons that reside in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. It often happens in the ages of between 50 and 60 and one of its characteristics is the lack of BALANCE. The goal by this present research was to study the effect of BALANCE training in WATER on the patients with Parkinson disease.Materials and Methods: The present semi-experimental study used a pretest-posttest control group design. The study population included patients referred to the Hospital of Alzahra.36 men patients with Parkinson that were non-randomly selected and voluntarily divided into experimental (n=20) and control (n=16) groups. The experimental group in addition to medication, performed activity in WATER 3 times/ week, 60 min for 12 weeks whereas control subjects were treated only by medication and routine activities performed. Before intervention and three months after the intervention, the patient's BALANCE was assessed by Berg BALANCE Scale. Data using ANCOVA (P<0.05) and SPSS 19 software was analyzed.Results: In comparison with the control group, the intervention group BALANCE scores after 12 weeks of BALANCE training in the WATER were greatly improved) from 49.1 to 53.70 increased).Conclusion: The findings showed that BALANCE training in WATER can be used as useful and effective method to improve BALANCE and in turn daily functioning of Parkinson's disease patients. According to the severity of disease in patients participating in this study (I-III), the results can be extended only to this group of patients.